diff --git a/furvm/include/furvm/fwd.hpp b/furvm/include/furvm/fwd.hpp
index 8098d78..e5afc2c 100644
--- a/furvm/include/furvm/fwd.hpp
+++ b/furvm/include/furvm/fwd.hpp
@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
 #ifndef FURVM_FWD_HPP
 #define FURVM_FWD_HPP
 
+#include "furvm/handle.hpp"
+
 #include <cstddef> // IWYU pragma: export
 #include <cstdint> // IWYU pragma: export
 #include <memory>
+#include <string>
 
 /**
  * @brief Furlang's virtual machine.
@@ -83,6 +86,11 @@ using function_p = std::shared_ptr<function>;
  */
 using function_id = std::uint16_t;
 
+/**
+ * @brief A handle to a furvm function.
+ */
+using function_h = handle<function_id, function>;
+
 // module.hpp
 
 /**
@@ -98,6 +106,16 @@ class mod;
  */
 using mod_p = std::shared_ptr<mod>;
 
+/**
+ * @brief An alias for a module's identifier.
+ */
+using mod_id = std::string;
+
+/**
+ * @brief A handle to a furvm module.
+ */
+using mod_h = handle<mod_id, mod_p>;
+
 // thing.hpp
 
 /**
@@ -130,6 +148,11 @@ using thing_p = std::shared_ptr<thing>;
  */
 using thing_id = std::uint32_t;
 
+/**
+ * @brief A handle to a furvm's thing.
+ */
+using thing_h = handle<thing_id, thing>;
+
 // executor.hpp
 
 /**
@@ -161,6 +184,11 @@ using executor_p = std::shared_ptr<executor>;
  */
 using executor_id = std::uint32_t;
 
+/**
+ * @brief A handle to a furvm's executor.
+ */
+using executor_h = handle<executor_id, executor>;
+
 // context.hpp
 
 /**
diff --git a/furvm/include/furvm/handle.hpp b/furvm/include/furvm/handle.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c1f3503
--- /dev/null
+++ b/furvm/include/furvm/handle.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+#ifndef FURVM_HANDLE_HPP
+#define FURVM_HANDLE_HPP
+
+#include <utility>
+
+namespace furvm {
+
+template <typename Id, typename T>
+class handle {
+public:
+    using id_type = Id;
+
+    using value_type      = T;
+    using reference       = T&;
+    using const_reference = const T&;
+    using pointer         = T*;
+    using const_pointer   = const T*;
+public:
+    /**
+     * @brief Returns a new handle.
+     *
+     * @param id Id of the handle.
+     * @param value Value of the handle.
+     */
+    template <typename IdF, typename Value>
+    handle(IdF&& id, Value&& value)
+      : m_id(std::forward<IdF>(id)), m_value(std::forward<Value>(value)) {}
+public:
+    handle& operator=(value_type&& value) noexcept {
+        m_value = std::move(value);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    handle& operator=(const value_type& value) noexcept {
+        m_value = value;
+        return *this;
+    }
+public:
+    /**
+     * @brief Returns the handle's id.
+     *
+     * @return The id.
+     */
+    constexpr Id id() const { return m_id; }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Returns the handle's pointer.
+     *
+     * @return The pointer.
+     */
+    reference value() { return m_value; }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Returns the handle's pointer.
+     *
+     * @return The pointer.
+     */
+    const_reference value() const { return m_value; }
+public:
+    /**
+     * @brief Returns the handle's id.
+     *
+     * @return The id.
+     */
+    explicit operator Id() const { return m_id; }
+public:
+    /**
+     * @brief Returns a reference to the handle's value.
+     *
+     * @return The value.
+     */
+    reference operator*() { return m_value; }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Returns a reference to the handle's value.
+     *
+     * @return The value.
+     */
+    const_reference operator*() const { return m_value; }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Returns a pointer to the handle's value.
+     *
+     * @return The value pointer.
+     */
+    pointer operator->() { return &m_value; }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Returns a pointer to the handle's value.
+     *
+     * @return The value pointer.
+     */
+    const_pointer operator->() const { return &m_value; }
+private:
+    id_type    m_id;
+    value_type m_value;
+};
+
+} // namespace furvm
+
+#endif // FURVM_HANDLE_HPP
diff --git a/furvm/include/furvm/module.hpp b/furvm/include/furvm/module.hpp
index 4c394e1..bfa167d 100644
--- a/furvm/include/furvm/module.hpp
+++ b/furvm/include/furvm/module.hpp
@@ -4,9 +4,7 @@
 #include "furvm/function.hpp"
 #include "furvm/fwd.hpp"
 
-#include <algorithm>
 #include <memory>
-#include <stdexcept>
 #include <string>
 #include <unordered_map>
 #include <utility>
diff --git a/furvm/src/serializer.cpp b/furvm/src/serializer.cpp
index bac4019..58ce2d4 100644
--- a/furvm/src/serializer.cpp
+++ b/furvm/src/serializer.cpp
@@ -4,10 +4,7 @@
 #include "furvm/fwd.hpp"
 #include "furvm/module.hpp" // IWYU pragma: keep
 
-#include <array>
-#include <cstring>
 #include <istream>
-#include <optional>
 #include <ostream>
 #include <stdexcept>