feat(furc/ssa): implement de-ssa phase

Refs: #2

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -1 +1 @@
-TBD
+The commits must be as good as CHatingPython's.

furc/include/furc/ast/fwd.hpp

@@ -235,7 +235,13 @@ using compound_statement_node_p =
 
 using compound_statement_node_r = node_r<compound_statement_node>; /**< Alias for compound_statement_node result */
 
+class while_statement_node;
+
+using while_statement_node_p = node_p<while_statement_node>; /**< Alias for a shared pointer to while_statement_node. */
+
+using while_statement_node_r = node_r<while_statement_node>; /**< Alias for while_statement_node result */
+
 } // namespace ast
 } // namespace furc
 
-#endif // FURC_AST_FWD_HPP
+#endif // FURC_AST_FWD_HPP

furc/include/furc/ast/statement.hpp

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #ifndef FURC_AST_STATEMENT_HPP
 #define FURC_AST_STATEMENT_HPP
 
+#include "furc/ast/fwd.hpp"
 #include "furc/ast/node.hpp"
 
 #include <optional>
@@ -17,6 +18,7 @@ enum class statement_node_t {
     Return,      /**< Return statement */
     If,          /**< If statement */
     Compound,    /**< Compound statement */
+    While,       /**< While loop statement. */
 };
 
 /**
@@ -191,7 +193,52 @@ private:
     struct body m_body; /**< The body handle. */
 };
 
+/**
+ * @brief while statement AST node.
+ */
+class while_statement_node final : public statement_node, public abstract_node {
+public:
+    /**
+     * @brief Construct a new while statement AST node.
+     *
+     * @param location Node location.
+     * @param body Body handle.
+     */
+    while_statement_node(struct location location, expression_node_p&& cond, statement_node_p&& body)
+      : abstract_node(location), m_cond(std::move(cond)), m_body(std::move(body)) {}
+public:
+    /**
+     * @brief Returns this node's condition expression.
+     *
+     * @return The condition expression.
+     */
+    const expression_node_p& condition() const { return m_cond; }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Returns this node's body handle.
+     *
+     * @return The body handle.
+     */
+    const statement_node_p& body() const { return m_body; }
+public:
+    /**
+     * @brief Returns this node's statement type.
+     *
+     * @return statement_node_t::while.
+     */
+    statement_node_t statement_type() const override { return statement_node_t::While; }
+public:
+    void accept(visitor& visitor) const override;
+
+    std::ostream& print(std::ostream& os) const override;
+protected:
+    bool equal(const node& rhs) const override;
+private:
+    expression_node_p m_cond; /**< The condition expression. */
+    statement_node_p  m_body; /**< The body handle. */
+};
+
 } // namespace ast
 } // namespace furc
 
-#endif // FURC_AST_STATEMENT_HPP
+#endif // FURC_AST_STATEMENT_HPP

furc/include/furc/ast/visitor.hpp

@@ -122,6 +122,14 @@ public:
      */
     virtual void visit(const compound_statement_node& node) {}
 
+    /**
+     * @brief Visit a while_statement_node.
+     * @see while_statement_node
+     *
+     * @param node Node.
+     */
+    virtual void visit(const while_statement_node& node) {}
+
     /**
      * @brief Visit an AST error.
      *
@@ -133,4 +141,4 @@ public:
 } // namespace ast
 } // namespace furc
 
-#endif // FURC_AST_VISITOR_HPP
+#endif // FURC_AST_VISITOR_HPP

furc/include/furc/front/ir_generator.hpp

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ public:
     void visit(const ast::function_definition_node& funcDef) override;
     void visit(const ast::return_statement_node& returnStmt) override;
     void visit(const ast::if_statement_node& node) override;
+    void visit(const ast::while_statement_node& node) override;
     void visit(const ast::compound_statement_node& node) override;
     void visit(const ast::string_literal_node& node) override;
     void visit(const ast::integer_literal_node& node) override;
@@ -42,7 +43,7 @@ private:
         }
     }
 
-    furlang::ir::block_index push_block();
+    furlang::ir::block_index push_block(bool validate = true);
 private:
     furlang::ir::module                    m_module;
     std::unique_ptr<furlang::ir::function> m_currentFunction;
@@ -55,4 +56,4 @@ private:
 } // namespace front
 } // namespace furc
 
-#endif // FURC_FRONT_IR_GENERATOR_HPP
+#endif // FURC_FRONT_IR_GENERATOR_HPP

furc/include/furc/front/ssa.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+#ifndef FURC_FRONT_SSA_HPP
+#define FURC_FRONT_SSA_HPP
+
+#include "furlang/ir/function.hpp"
+#include "furlang/ir/instruction.hpp"
+#include "furlang/ir/module.hpp"
+
+#include <memory>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <unordered_set>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace furc {
+namespace front {
+
+class ssa {
+    using block_map_t = std::unordered_map<furlang::ir::block_index, std::vector<furlang::ir::block_index>>;
+public:
+    static void optimize(furlang::ir::module& mod);
+private:
+    static void optimize(const std::unique_ptr<furlang::ir::function>& func);
+
+    static void de_ssa(const std::unique_ptr<furlang::ir::function>& func);
+
+    static void constant_propagation(const std::unique_ptr<furlang::ir::function>& func);
+
+    static void dead_code_elimination(const std::unique_ptr<furlang::ir::function>& func);
+
+    static void copy_propagation(const std::unique_ptr<furlang::ir::function>& func);
+
+    static void dfs_rpo(furlang::ir::block_index      block,
+        const block_map_t&                            successors,
+        std::unordered_set<furlang::ir::block_index>& visited,
+        std::vector<furlang::ir::block_index>&        rpo);
+};
+
+} // namespace front
+} // namespace furc
+
+#endif // FURC_FRONT_SSA_HPP

furc/include/furc/front/token.hpp

@@ -145,6 +145,7 @@ enum class keyword_token {
     Return, /**< `return` */
     If,     /**< `if` */
     Else,   /**< `else` */
+    While,  /**< `while` */
 };
 
 static inline std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, keyword_token keyword) {
@@ -154,6 +155,7 @@ static inline std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, keyword_token keyword)
     case keyword_token::Return: return os << "return";
     case keyword_token::If: return os << "if";
     case keyword_token::Else: return os << "else";
+    case keyword_token::While: return os << "while";
     }
     return os;
 }
@@ -165,6 +167,7 @@ static inline std::string operator+(const std::string& str, keyword_token keywor
     case keyword_token::Return: return str + "return";
     case keyword_token::If: return str + "if";
     case keyword_token::Else: return str + "else";
+    case keyword_token::While: return str + "while";
     }
     return str;
 }
@@ -377,4 +380,4 @@ using token_r = furlang::result<token, token_error>; /**< Alias to a token resul
 } // namespace front
 } // namespace furc
 
-#endif // FURC_FRONT_TOKEN_HPP
+#endif // FURC_FRONT_TOKEN_HPP

furc/src/ast.cpp

@@ -186,6 +186,18 @@ bool compound_statement_node::equal(const node& rhs) const {
     return statement_node::equal(rhs) && m_body == dynamic_cast<const compound_statement_node&>(rhs).m_body;
 }
 
+void while_statement_node::accept(visitor& visitor) const {
+    visitor.visit(*this);
+}
+
+std::ostream& while_statement_node::print(std::ostream& os) const {
+    return os << m_body;
+}
+
+bool while_statement_node::equal(const node& rhs) const {
+    return statement_node::equal(rhs) && m_body == dynamic_cast<const while_statement_node&>(rhs).m_body;
+}
+
 void program_node::accept(visitor& visitor) const {
     for (const auto& decl : m_declarations) {
         decl->accept(visitor);
@@ -212,4 +224,4 @@ std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const body& body) {
     return os;
 }
 
-} // namespace furc::ast
+} // namespace furc::ast

furc/src/front/ir_generator.cpp

@@ -4,8 +4,10 @@
 #include "furc/ast/expression.hpp"  // IWYU pragma: keep
 #include "furc/ast/literal.hpp"     // IWYU pragma: keep
 #include "furc/ast/statement.hpp"   // IWYU pragma: keep
+#include "furlang/ir/instruction.hpp"
 
 #include <cassert>
+#include <memory>
 
 namespace furc::front {
 
@@ -55,6 +57,33 @@ void ir_generator::visit(const ast::if_statement_node& node) {
     push_block(); // merge block
 }
 
+void ir_generator::visit(const ast::while_statement_node& node) {
+    node.condition()->accept(*this);
+    ir_register                cond      = m_registerCounter - 1;
+    std::shared_ptr<ir::block> entry     = m_currentBlock;
+    ir::block_index            headerIdx = m_currentFunction->blocks().size();
+
+    push_block(false); // loop header
+    push<ir::branch_instruction>(m_currentFunction->blocks().size());
+
+    push_block(); // loop condition
+    node.condition()->accept(*this);
+    std::shared_ptr<ir::block> condBlock = m_currentBlock;
+    ir_register                cond2     = m_registerCounter - 1;
+
+    push_block(false); // loop body
+    node.body()->accept(*this);
+    push<ir::branch_instruction>(headerIdx);
+
+    entry->emplace<ir::branch_cond_instruction>(ir::operand::new_reg(cond),
+        headerIdx,
+        m_currentFunction->blocks().size());
+    condBlock->emplace<ir::branch_cond_instruction>(ir::operand::new_reg(cond2),
+        m_currentFunction->blocks().size() - 1,
+        m_currentFunction->blocks().size());
+    push_block(); // merge block
+}
+
 void ir_generator::visit(const ast::compound_statement_node& node) {
     for (const auto& stmt : node.body().statements) {
         stmt.value()->accept(*this);
@@ -138,8 +167,8 @@ void ir_generator::visit(const ast::var_assign_expression_node& node) {
     }
 }
 
-furlang::ir::block_index ir_generator::push_block() {
-    if (!m_currentFunction->blocks().empty() && !m_currentFunction->blocks().back()->has_exit()) {
+furlang::ir::block_index ir_generator::push_block(bool validate) {
+    if (validate && !m_currentFunction->blocks().empty() && !m_currentFunction->blocks().back()->has_exit()) {
         throw std::runtime_error(
             "block " + std::to_string(m_currentFunction->blocks().size() - 1) + " is lacking an exit");
     }
@@ -148,4 +177,4 @@ furlang::ir::block_index ir_generator::push_block() {
     return index;
 }
 
-} // namespace furc::front
+} // namespace furc::front

furc/src/front/lexer.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 #include "furc/front/lexer.hpp"
 
+#include "furc/front/token.hpp"
+
 #include <cctype>
 #include <limits>
 #include <map>
@@ -97,6 +99,7 @@ token_r lexer::next_token() {
                 { "return", keyword_token::Return },
                 { "if", keyword_token::If },
                 { "else", keyword_token::Else },
+                { "while", keyword_token::While },
             };
 
             if (auto it = s_keywords.find(value); it != s_keywords.end()) return { location, it->second };
@@ -185,4 +188,4 @@ location lexer::current_location() {
     return { m_filename, m_row, m_cursor - m_lineStart };
 }
 
-} // namespace furc::front
+} // namespace furc::front

furc/src/front/parser.cpp

@@ -2,9 +2,10 @@
 
 #include "furc/ast/declaration.hpp" // IWYU pragma: keep
 #include "furc/ast/expression.hpp"  // IWYU pragma: keep
-#include "furc/ast/literal.hpp"     // IWYU pragma: keep
-#include "furc/ast/program.hpp"     // IWYU pragma: keep
-#include "furc/ast/statement.hpp"   // IWYU pragma: keep
+#include "furc/ast/fwd.hpp"
+#include "furc/ast/literal.hpp"   // IWYU pragma: keep
+#include "furc/ast/program.hpp"   // IWYU pragma: keep
+#include "furc/ast/statement.hpp" // IWYU pragma: keep
 
 #include <fstream>
 #include <iostream>
@@ -145,6 +146,24 @@ ast::statement_node_r parser::parse_statement() {
                 std::move(cond.value()),
                 std::move(then.value()));
         }
+        case keyword_token::While: {
+            auto tok = next_token();
+            auto err = eat_token(token_t::LParen);
+            if (err.has_error()) return ast::statement_node_r(ast::error{ err.error().location });
+
+            auto cond = parse_expression();
+            if (cond.has_error()) return ast::statement_node_r(ast::error{ cond.error().location });
+
+            err = eat_token(token_t::RParen);
+            if (err.has_error()) return ast::statement_node_r(ast::error{ err.error().location });
+
+            auto body = parse_statement();
+            if (body.has_error()) return ast::statement_node_r(ast::error{ body.error().location });
+
+            return m_arena.allocate_shared<ast::while_statement_node>(location,
+                std::move(cond.value()),
+                std::move(body.value()));
+        }
         case keyword_token::None:
         case keyword_token::Func:
         default: break;
@@ -438,4 +457,4 @@ token_r parser::eat_token(token_t type) {
     return token;
 }
 
-} // namespace furc::front
+} // namespace furc::front

furc/src/front/ssa.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,640 @@
+#include "furc/front/ssa.hpp"
+
+#include "furlang/ir/instruction.hpp"
+#include "furlang/ir/operand.hpp"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <functional>
+#include <memory>
+#include <queue>
+#include <set>
+#include <stack>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <unordered_set>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace furc::front {
+
+void ssa::optimize(furlang::ir::module& mod) {
+    for (const auto& func : mod.functions()) {
+        ssa::optimize(func);
+        ssa::constant_propagation(func);
+        ssa::dead_code_elimination(func);
+        ssa::copy_propagation(func);
+        ssa::dead_code_elimination(func);
+        ssa::de_ssa(func);
+    }
+}
+
+void ssa::optimize(const std::unique_ptr<furlang::ir::function>& func) {
+    block_map_t predecessors;
+    block_map_t successors;
+
+    std::unordered_map<furlang::ir::register_t, std::unordered_set<furlang::ir::block_index>> regSites;
+
+    std::unordered_map<furlang::ir::block_index, furlang::ir::block_index> idoms;
+
+    std::unordered_map<furlang::ir::register_t, std::uint32_t>                          regVers;
+    std::unordered_map<furlang::ir::register_t, std::stack<std::uint32_t>>              regVerStacks;
+    std::unordered_map<furlang::ir::block_index, std::vector<furlang::ir::block_index>> domTree;
+
+    for (furlang::ir::block_index i = 0; i < func->blocks().size(); ++i) {
+        const auto& block = func->blocks()[i];
+
+        for (const auto& instr : block->instructions()) {
+            if (instr->has_destination()) {
+                if (instr->destination().type() == furlang::ir::operand_t::Register) {
+                    regSites[instr->destination().reg()].insert(i);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        const auto& exit = block->exit();
+        switch (exit->type()) {
+        case furlang::ir::instruction_t::Branch: {
+            const auto& br = dynamic_cast<const furlang::ir::branch_instruction&>(*exit);
+            predecessors[br.block()].push_back(i);
+            successors[i].push_back(br.block());
+        } break;
+        case furlang::ir::instruction_t::BranchCond: {
+            const auto& br = dynamic_cast<const furlang::ir::branch_cond_instruction&>(*exit);
+            predecessors[br.if_block()].push_back(i);
+            predecessors[br.else_block()].push_back(i);
+            successors[i].push_back(br.if_block());
+            successors[i].push_back(br.else_block());
+        } break;
+        default: break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    std::unordered_set<furlang::ir::register_t> globalRegs;
+    for (furlang::ir::block_index i = 0; i < func->blocks().size(); ++i) {
+        const auto& block = func->blocks()[i];
+        for (const auto& instr : block->instructions()) {
+            for (const auto& operand : instr->sources()) {
+                if (operand->type() == furlang::ir::operand_t::Register) {
+                    auto reg = operand->reg();
+                    if (regSites[reg].find(i) == regSites[reg].end()) {
+                        globalRegs.insert(reg);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        for (const auto& operand : block->exit()->sources()) {
+            if (operand->type() == furlang::ir::operand_t::Register) {
+                auto reg = operand->reg();
+                if (regSites[reg].find(i) == regSites[reg].end()) {
+                    globalRegs.insert(reg);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    std::unordered_set<furlang::ir::block_index> visited;
+    std::vector<furlang::ir::block_index>        rpoOrder;
+    dfs_rpo(0, successors, visited, rpoOrder);
+    std::reverse(rpoOrder.begin(), rpoOrder.end());
+
+    std::unordered_map<furlang::ir::block_index, std::size_t> rpoIndex;
+    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < rpoOrder.size(); ++i) {
+        rpoIndex[rpoOrder[i]] = i;
+    }
+
+    auto intersect = [&](furlang::ir::block_index block1, furlang::ir::block_index block2) {
+        while (block1 != block2) {
+            while (rpoIndex[block1] > rpoIndex[block2]) {
+                block1 = idoms[block1];
+            }
+            while (rpoIndex[block2] > rpoIndex[block1]) {
+                block2 = idoms[block2];
+            }
+        }
+        return block1;
+    };
+
+    if (rpoOrder.empty()) return;
+    auto entry   = rpoOrder.front();
+    idoms[entry] = entry;
+
+    bool changed = true;
+    while (changed) {
+        changed = false;
+
+        for (std::size_t i = 1; i < rpoOrder.size(); ++i) {
+            auto block = rpoOrder[i];
+
+            furlang::ir::block_index newIdom = 0;
+            bool                     found   = false;
+            for (auto pred : predecessors[block]) {
+                if (idoms.find(pred) == idoms.end()) continue;
+                if (!found) {
+                    newIdom = pred;
+                    found   = true;
+                } else {
+                    newIdom = intersect(pred, newIdom);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (idoms.find(block) == idoms.end() || idoms[block] != newIdom) {
+                idoms[block] = newIdom;
+                changed      = true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    std::unordered_map<furlang::ir::block_index, std::unordered_set<furlang::ir::block_index>> df;
+    for (auto block : rpoOrder) {
+        df[block] = std::unordered_set<furlang::ir::block_index>{};
+    }
+
+    for (auto block : rpoOrder) {
+        if (predecessors[block].size() < 2) continue;
+
+        for (auto pred : predecessors[block]) {
+            auto runner = pred;
+            while (runner != idoms[block]) {
+                df[runner].insert(block);
+                runner = idoms[runner];
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    std::unordered_map<furlang::ir::block_index, std::unordered_set<furlang::ir::register_t>> phis;
+
+    for (const auto& [reg, blocks] : regSites) {
+        if (globalRegs.find(reg) == globalRegs.end()) continue;
+
+        std::vector<furlang::ir::block_index>        worklist(blocks.begin(), blocks.end());
+        std::unordered_set<furlang::ir::block_index> added;
+        while (!worklist.empty()) {
+            auto block = worklist.back();
+            worklist.pop_back();
+            for (auto frontier : df[block]) {
+                if (added.find(frontier) != added.end()) continue;
+                phis[frontier].insert(reg);
+                added.insert(frontier);
+                if (blocks.find(frontier) == blocks.end()) {
+                    worklist.push_back(frontier);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (furlang::ir::block_index i = 0; i < func->blocks().size(); ++i) {
+        if (phis.find(i) == phis.end()) continue;
+        const auto& block = func->blocks()[i];
+        const auto& preds = predecessors[i];
+
+        for (auto reg : phis[i]) {
+            auto phiInstr = std::make_unique<furlang::ir::phi_instruction>(reg);
+            for (auto pred : preds) {
+                phiInstr->labels().emplace_back(furlang::ir::operand::new_reg(reg), pred);
+            }
+            block->instructions().emplace(block->instructions().begin(), std::move(phiInstr));
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (const auto& [block, idom] : idoms) {
+        if (block != idom) domTree[idom].push_back(block);
+    }
+
+    std::function<void(furlang::ir::block_index)> renameBlock = [&](furlang::ir::block_index blockIndex) -> void {
+        std::unordered_map<furlang::ir::register_t, std::uint32_t> pushed;
+
+        const auto& block = func->blocks()[blockIndex];
+        for (auto& instr : block->instructions()) {
+            if (instr->type() != furlang::ir::instruction_t::Phi) continue;
+            auto          orig             = instr->destination().reg();
+            std::uint32_t newVer           = regVers[orig]++;
+            instr->destination().reg().ver = newVer;
+            regVerStacks[orig].push(newVer);
+            ++pushed[orig];
+        }
+
+        for (auto& instr : block->instructions()) {
+            if (instr->type() == furlang::ir::instruction_t::Phi) continue;
+
+            for (auto& operand : instr->sources()) {
+                if (operand->type() != furlang::ir::operand_t::Register) continue;
+                auto orig = operand->reg();
+                if (!regVerStacks[orig].empty()) {
+                    operand->reg().ver = regVerStacks[orig].top();
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (instr->has_destination() && instr->destination().type() == furlang::ir::operand_t::Register) {
+                auto          orig             = instr->destination().reg();
+                std::uint32_t newVer           = regVers[orig]++;
+                instr->destination().reg().ver = newVer;
+                regVerStacks[orig].push(newVer);
+                ++pushed[orig];
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (auto& operand : block->exit()->sources()) {
+            if (operand->type() != furlang::ir::operand_t::Register) continue;
+            auto orig = operand->reg();
+            if (!regVerStacks[orig].empty()) {
+                operand->reg().ver = regVerStacks[orig].top();
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (auto succIndex : successors[blockIndex]) {
+            const auto& succ = func->blocks()[succIndex];
+            for (auto& instr : succ->instructions()) {
+                if (instr->type() != furlang::ir::instruction_t::Phi) break;
+                auto& phi = dynamic_cast<furlang::ir::phi_instruction&>(*instr);
+                for (auto& [op, bl] : phi.labels()) {
+                    if (bl != blockIndex) continue;
+                    if (regVerStacks[op.reg()].empty()) continue;
+                    op.reg().ver = regVerStacks[op.reg()].top();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (const auto& child : domTree[blockIndex]) {
+            renameBlock(child);
+        }
+
+        for (const auto& [reg, count] : pushed) {
+            for (std::uint32_t i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+                regVerStacks[reg].pop();
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    renameBlock(entry);
+}
+
+void ssa::de_ssa(const std::unique_ptr<furlang::ir::function>& func) {
+    using namespace furlang::ir;
+
+    std::unordered_map<block_index, std::vector<std::unique_ptr<instruction>>> copies;
+    for (block_index blockIdx = 0; blockIdx < func->blocks().size(); ++blockIdx) {
+        const auto& block  = func->blocks()[blockIdx];
+        auto&       instrs = block->instructions();
+        for (auto it = instrs.begin(); it != instrs.end();) {
+            if ((*it)->type() != furlang::ir::instruction_t::Phi) {
+                ++it;
+                continue;
+            }
+            auto& phi    = dynamic_cast<phi_instruction&>(**it);
+            auto  dstReg = phi.destination().reg();
+            for (auto& [srcOp, label] : phi.labels()) {
+                copies[label].emplace_back(
+                    std::make_unique<assign_instruction>(std::move(srcOp), operand::new_reg(dstReg)));
+            }
+            it = instrs.erase(it);
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (auto& [blockIdx, cpys] : copies) {
+        if (blockIdx >= func->blocks().size()) continue;
+        const auto& block  = func->blocks()[blockIdx];
+        auto&       instrs = block->instructions();
+        for (auto& copy : cpys) {
+            instrs.push_back(std::move(copy));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+enum class lattice_t {
+    Top,
+    Constant,
+    Bottom,
+};
+
+struct lattice {
+    lattice_t     type  = lattice_t::Top;
+    std::uint64_t value = 0;
+
+    bool operator==(const lattice& rhs) const {
+        if (type != rhs.type) return false;
+        return type != lattice_t::Constant || value == rhs.value;
+    }
+};
+
+void ssa::constant_propagation(const std::unique_ptr<furlang::ir::function>& func) {
+    using block_idx = furlang::ir::block_index;
+    using reg_t     = furlang::ir::register_operand;
+    using reg2_t    = furlang::ir::register_t;
+
+    std::unordered_map<reg_t, lattice>                                 latVals;
+    std::unordered_map<reg2_t, std::vector<furlang::ir::instruction*>> edges;
+    std::unordered_set<block_idx>                                      executableBlocks;
+    std::set<std::pair<block_idx, block_idx>>                          executedEdges;
+
+    std::queue<std::pair<block_idx, block_idx>> cfgWorklist;
+    std::queue<furlang::ir::instruction*>       ssaWorklist;
+
+    std::unordered_map<furlang::ir::instruction*, block_idx> blockMap;
+
+    auto getOperandLattice = [&](const furlang::ir::operand& op) -> lattice {
+        if (op.type() == furlang::ir::operand_t::Integer) {
+            lattice lat;
+            lat.type  = lattice_t::Constant;
+            lat.value = op.integer();
+            return lat;
+        }
+        if (op.type() == furlang::ir::operand_t::Register) {
+            auto reg = op.reg();
+            if (latVals.find(reg) == latVals.end()) return { lattice_t::Top };
+            return latVals[reg];
+        }
+        return { lattice_t::Bottom };
+    };
+
+    for (block_idx blockIdx = 0; blockIdx < func->blocks().size(); ++blockIdx) {
+        const auto& block  = func->blocks()[blockIdx];
+        auto&       instrs = block->instructions();
+        for (auto it = instrs.begin(); it != instrs.end(); ++it) {
+            const auto& instr     = *it;
+            blockMap[instr.get()] = blockIdx;
+            for (const auto& op : instr->sources()) {
+                if (op->type() != furlang::ir::operand_t::Register) continue;
+                edges[op->reg()].push_back(instr.get());
+            }
+        }
+
+        blockMap[block->exit().get()] = blockIdx;
+        for (const auto& op : block->exit()->sources()) {
+            if (op->type() != furlang::ir::operand_t::Register) continue;
+            edges[op->reg()].push_back(block->exit().get());
+        }
+    }
+
+    cfgWorklist.push({ 0, 0 });
+    while (!cfgWorklist.empty() || !ssaWorklist.empty()) {
+        if (!cfgWorklist.empty()) {
+            auto edge = cfgWorklist.front();
+            cfgWorklist.pop();
+            block_idx from = edge.first;
+            block_idx to   = edge.second;
+
+            if (executedEdges.count(edge) != 0) continue;
+            executedEdges.insert(edge);
+
+            bool firstVisit = (executableBlocks.find(to) == executableBlocks.end());
+            executableBlocks.insert(to);
+
+            const auto& block = func->blocks()[to];
+            if (firstVisit) {
+                for (auto& instr : block->instructions()) {
+                    ssaWorklist.push(instr.get());
+                }
+                ssaWorklist.push(block->exit().get());
+            } else {
+                for (auto& instr : block->instructions()) {
+                    if (instr->type() != furlang::ir::instruction_t::Phi) break;
+                    ssaWorklist.push(instr.get());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (!ssaWorklist.empty()) {
+            auto* instr = ssaWorklist.front();
+            ssaWorklist.pop();
+
+            block_idx blockIdx = blockMap[instr];
+            if (executableBlocks.find(blockIdx) == executableBlocks.end()) continue;
+
+            lattice newLat = { lattice_t::Top };
+
+            switch (instr->type()) {
+            case furlang::ir::instruction_t::Phi: {
+                auto& phi = dynamic_cast<furlang::ir::phi_instruction&>(*instr);
+                for (const auto& [op, label] : phi.labels()) {
+                    if (executedEdges.count({ label, blockIdx }) == 0) continue;
+                    lattice opLat = getOperandLattice(op);
+                    if (opLat.type == lattice_t::Bottom) newLat.type = lattice_t::Bottom;
+                    if (opLat.type == lattice_t::Constant) {
+                        if (newLat.type == lattice_t::Top) {
+                            newLat = opLat;
+                        } else if (newLat.type == lattice_t::Constant && newLat.value != opLat.value) {
+                            newLat.type = lattice_t::Bottom;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            } break;
+            case furlang::ir::instruction_t::Assign: {
+                newLat = getOperandLattice(*instr->sources().front());
+            } break;
+            case furlang::ir::instruction_t::BinaryOp: {
+                lattice lhs = getOperandLattice(*instr->sources()[0]);
+                lattice rhs = getOperandLattice(*instr->sources()[1]);
+
+                if (lhs.type == lattice_t::Bottom || rhs.type == lattice_t::Bottom) {
+                    newLat.type = lattice_t::Bottom;
+                } else if (lhs.type == lattice_t::Constant && rhs.type == lattice_t::Constant) {
+                    newLat.type = lattice_t::Constant;
+                    switch (dynamic_cast<const furlang::ir::binary_op_instruction&>(*instr).op_type()) {
+                    case furlang::ir::binary_op_instruction_t::Add: newLat.value = lhs.value + rhs.value; break;
+                    case furlang::ir::binary_op_instruction_t::Sub: newLat.value = lhs.value - rhs.value; break;
+                    case furlang::ir::binary_op_instruction_t::Mul: newLat.value = lhs.value * rhs.value; break;
+                    case furlang::ir::binary_op_instruction_t::Div: newLat.value = lhs.value / rhs.value; break;
+                    case furlang::ir::binary_op_instruction_t::Mod: newLat.value = lhs.value % rhs.value; break;
+                    case furlang::ir::binary_op_instruction_t::Eq:
+                        newLat.value = (lhs.value == rhs.value) ? 1 : 0;
+                        break;
+                    case furlang::ir::binary_op_instruction_t::NotEq:
+                        newLat.value = (lhs.value != rhs.value) ? 1 : 0;
+                        break;
+                    case furlang::ir::binary_op_instruction_t::LessThan:
+                        newLat.value = (lhs.value < rhs.value) ? 1 : 0;
+                        break;
+                    case furlang::ir::binary_op_instruction_t::GreaterThan:
+                        newLat.value = (lhs.value > rhs.value) ? 1 : 0;
+                        break;
+                    case furlang::ir::binary_op_instruction_t::LessEq:
+                        newLat.value = (lhs.value <= rhs.value) ? 1 : 0;
+                        break;
+                    case furlang::ir::binary_op_instruction_t::GreaterEq:
+                        newLat.value = (lhs.value >= rhs.value) ? 1 : 0;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            } break;
+            default: break;
+            }
+
+            if (instr->has_destination() && instr->destination().type() == furlang::ir::operand_t::Register) {
+                auto dst = instr->destination().reg();
+                if (!(latVals[dst] == newLat)) {
+                    latVals[dst] = newLat;
+                    for (auto* uInstr : edges[dst])
+                        ssaWorklist.push(uInstr);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (instr == func->blocks()[blockIdx]->exit().get()) {
+                auto* exit = func->blocks()[blockIdx]->exit().get();
+                if (exit->type() == furlang::ir::instruction_t::Branch) {
+                    auto& br = dynamic_cast<furlang::ir::branch_instruction&>(*exit);
+                    cfgWorklist.push({ blockIdx, br.block() });
+                } else if (exit->type() == furlang::ir::instruction_t::BranchCond) {
+                    auto&   br   = dynamic_cast<furlang::ir::branch_cond_instruction&>(*exit);
+                    lattice cond = getOperandLattice(*exit->sources()[0]);
+
+                    if (cond.type == lattice_t::Constant) {
+                        if (cond.value != 0)
+                            cfgWorklist.push({ blockIdx, br.if_block() });
+                        else
+                            cfgWorklist.push({ blockIdx, br.else_block() });
+                    } else {
+                        cfgWorklist.push({ blockIdx, br.if_block() });
+                        cfgWorklist.push({ blockIdx, br.else_block() });
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (block_idx i = 0; i < func->blocks().size(); ++i) {
+        if (executableBlocks.find(i) == executableBlocks.end()) {
+            func->blocks()[i]->instructions().clear();
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        const auto& block = func->blocks()[i];
+
+        for (auto& instr : block->instructions()) {
+            for (auto& op : instr->sources()) {
+                if (op->type() != furlang::ir::operand_t::Register) continue;
+                auto reg = op->reg();
+                if (latVals[reg].type != lattice_t::Constant) continue;
+                *op = furlang::ir::operand::new_integer(latVals[reg].value);
+            }
+        }
+
+        auto* exit = block->exit().get();
+        if (exit->type() != furlang::ir::instruction_t::BranchCond) continue;
+        auto&   br   = dynamic_cast<furlang::ir::branch_cond_instruction&>(*exit);
+        lattice cond = getOperandLattice(*exit->sources()[0]);
+        if (cond.type != lattice_t::Constant) continue;
+        block_idx target = (cond.value != 0) ? br.if_block() : br.else_block();
+        block->exit()    = std::make_unique<furlang::ir::branch_instruction>(target);
+    }
+}
+
+void ssa::dead_code_elimination(const std::unique_ptr<furlang::ir::function>& func) {
+    using block_idx = furlang::ir::block_index;
+    using reg_t     = furlang::ir::register_operand;
+
+    std::unordered_map<reg_t, furlang::ir::instruction*> defMap;
+    std::unordered_set<furlang::ir::instruction*>        alive;
+    std::queue<furlang::ir::instruction*>                worklist;
+
+    for (block_idx blockIdx = 0; blockIdx < func->blocks().size(); ++blockIdx) {
+        const auto& block = func->blocks()[blockIdx];
+
+        for (auto& instr : block->instructions()) {
+            if (instr->has_destination() && instr->destination().type() == furlang::ir::operand_t::Register) {
+                defMap[instr->destination().reg()] = instr.get();
+            }
+        }
+
+        auto* exit = block->exit().get();
+        alive.insert(exit);
+        worklist.push(exit);
+    }
+
+    while (!worklist.empty()) {
+        const auto* instr = worklist.front();
+        worklist.pop();
+
+        for (const auto& op : instr->sources()) {
+            if (op->type() != furlang::ir::operand_t::Register) continue;
+            auto src = op->reg();
+
+            if (defMap.find(src) == defMap.end()) continue;
+            auto* defInstr = defMap[src];
+            if (alive.insert(defInstr).second) {
+                worklist.push(defInstr);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (block_idx blockIdx = 0; blockIdx < func->blocks().size(); ++blockIdx) {
+        const auto& block  = func->blocks()[blockIdx];
+        auto&       instrs = block->instructions();
+
+        for (auto it = instrs.begin(); it != instrs.end();) {
+            if (alive.find(it->get()) == alive.end()) {
+                it = instrs.erase(it);
+            } else {
+                ++it;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void ssa::copy_propagation(const std::unique_ptr<furlang::ir::function>& func) {
+    using block_idx = furlang::ir::block_index;
+    using reg_t     = furlang::ir::register_operand;
+
+    std::unordered_map<reg_t, reg_t> aliasMap;
+
+    std::function<reg_t(const reg_t&)> findRep = [&](const reg_t& reg) -> reg_t {
+        auto it = aliasMap.find(reg);
+        if (it == aliasMap.end()) return reg;
+        reg_t act     = findRep(it->second);
+        aliasMap[reg] = act;
+        return act;
+    };
+
+    for (block_idx blockIdx = 0; blockIdx < func->blocks().size(); ++blockIdx) {
+        const auto& block = func->blocks()[blockIdx];
+        for (auto& instr : block->instructions()) {
+            if (instr->type() != furlang::ir::instruction_t::Assign) continue;
+            auto& srcOp = *instr->sources().front();
+            if (srcOp.type() != furlang::ir::operand_t::Register ||
+                instr->destination().type() != furlang::ir::operand_t::Register)
+                continue;
+            reg_t dstReg = instr->destination().reg();
+            reg_t srcReg = srcOp.reg();
+            reg_t repSrc = findRep(srcReg);
+            reg_t repDst = findRep(dstReg);
+            if (repSrc == repDst) continue;
+            aliasMap[repDst] = repSrc;
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (block_idx blockIdx = 0; blockIdx < func->blocks().size(); ++blockIdx) {
+        const auto& block = func->blocks()[blockIdx];
+        for (auto& instr : block->instructions()) {
+            for (auto& op : instr->sources()) {
+                if (op->type() != furlang::ir::operand_t::Register) continue;
+                op->reg() = findRep(op->reg());
+            }
+            if (instr->type() != furlang::ir::instruction_t::Phi) continue;
+            auto& phi = dynamic_cast<furlang::ir::phi_instruction&>(*instr);
+            for (auto& [op, label] : phi.labels()) {
+                if (op.type() != furlang::ir::operand_t::Register) continue;
+                op.reg() = findRep(op.reg());
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (auto& op : block->exit()->sources()) {
+            if (op->type() != furlang::ir::operand_t::Register) continue;
+            op->reg() = findRep(op->reg());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void ssa::dfs_rpo(furlang::ir::block_index        block,
+    const block_map_t&                            successors,
+    std::unordered_set<furlang::ir::block_index>& visited,
+    std::vector<furlang::ir::block_index>&        rpo) {
+    visited.insert(block);
+    if (auto it = successors.find(block); it != successors.end()) {
+        for (auto successor : it->second) {
+            if (visited.find(successor) == visited.end()) {
+                dfs_rpo(successor, successors, visited, rpo);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    rpo.push_back(block);
+}
+
+} // namespace furc::front

furc/src/main.cpp

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #include "furc/ast/program.hpp"
 #include "furc/front/ir_generator.hpp"
 #include "furc/front/parser.hpp"
+#include "furc/front/ssa.hpp"
 
 #include <iostream>
 
@@ -10,16 +11,12 @@ int main(void) {
     try {
         std::string               programStr = R"(
     func main() {
-        x = 5;
-        x -= 3;
-        if (x < 3) {
-            y = x * 2;
-            w = y;
-        } else {
-            y = x - 3;
+        x = 0;
+        y = 10;
+        z = 1;
+        while (x < y) {
+            x = x + z;
         }
-        w = x - y;
-        z = x + y;
     }
     )";
         furc::front::parser       parser("<TEMP>", programStr);
@@ -34,6 +31,8 @@ int main(void) {
         program->accept(generator);
 
         auto module = std::move(generator.move_module());
+        furc::front::ssa::optimize(module);
+
         std::cout << "Generated IR:\n";
         for (const auto& function : module.functions()) {
             std::cout << function->name() << ":\n";

furlang/include/furlang/ir/instruction.hpp

@@ -6,6 +6,9 @@
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <optional>
 #include <ostream>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
 
 namespace furlang {
 namespace ir {
@@ -21,6 +24,7 @@ enum class instruction_t {
     Branch,     /**< Branch */
     BranchCond, /**< Conditional branch */
     Return,     /**< Return */
+    Phi,        /**< Phi function */
 };
 
 /**
@@ -66,6 +70,41 @@ public:
      * @return The type.
      */
     virtual instruction_t type() const = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Returns whether this instruction has a destination operand.
+     *
+     * @return true if this instruction has the destination operand.
+     */
+    virtual bool has_destination() const { return false; }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Returns destination operand of this instruction.
+     *
+     * @return The destination operand.
+     */
+    virtual operand& destination() { throw std::runtime_error("instruction type mismatch"); }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Returns destination operand of this instruction.
+     *
+     * @return The destination operand.
+     */
+    virtual const operand& destination() const { throw std::runtime_error("instruction type mismatch"); }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Returns a list of source operands of this instruction.
+     *
+     * @return The list of source operands.
+     */
+    virtual std::vector<operand*> sources() { return {}; }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Returns a list of source operands of this instruction.
+     *
+     * @return The list of source operands.
+     */
+    virtual std::vector<const operand*> sources() const { return {}; }
 public:
     /**
      * @brief Prints an instruction to an output stream.
@@ -158,18 +197,39 @@ public:
     instruction_t type() const override { return instruction_t::Assign; }
 
     /**
-     * @brief Returns this instruction's source.
+     * @brief Returns whether this instruction has a destination operand.
      *
-     * @return The source.
+     * @return true
      */
-    const operand& source() const { return m_source; }
+    bool has_destination() const override { return true; }
 
     /**
      * @brief Returns this instruction's destination.
      *
      * @return The destination.
      */
-    const operand& destination() const { return m_destination; }
+    operand& destination() override { return m_destination; }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Returns this instruction's destination.
+     *
+     * @return The destination.
+     */
+    const operand& destination() const override { return m_destination; }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Returns a list of this instruction's source operands.
+     *
+     * @return The list of source operands.
+     */
+    std::vector<operand*> sources() override { return { &m_source }; }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Returns a list of this instruction's source operands.
+     *
+     * @return The list of source operands.
+     */
+    std::vector<const operand*> sources() const override { return { &m_source }; }
 private:
     operand m_source;
     operand m_destination;
@@ -253,6 +313,16 @@ public:
      */
     instruction_t type() const override { return instruction_t::BinaryOp; }
 
+    bool has_destination() const override { return true; }
+
+    operand& destination() override { return m_dst; }
+
+    const operand& destination() const override { return m_dst; }
+
+    std::vector<operand*> sources() override { return { &m_lhs, &m_rhs }; }
+
+    std::vector<const operand*> sources() const override { return { &m_lhs, &m_rhs }; }
+
     /**
      * @brief Returns this instruction's operation type.
      *
@@ -374,6 +444,9 @@ public:
 public:
     instruction_t type() const override { return instruction_t::BranchCond; }
 
+    std::vector<operand*>       sources() override { return { &m_condition }; }
+    std::vector<const operand*> sources() const override { return { &m_condition }; }
+
     /**
      * @brief Returns this instruction's condition operand.
      *
@@ -442,6 +515,16 @@ public:
      */
     instruction_t type() const override { return instruction_t::Return; }
 
+    std::vector<operand*> sources() override {
+        if (m_value.has_value()) return { &*m_value };
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    std::vector<const operand*> sources() const override {
+        if (m_value.has_value()) return { &*m_value };
+        return {};
+    }
+
     /**
      * @brief Returns this instruction's return value operand.
      *
@@ -458,7 +541,93 @@ protected:
     }
 };
 
+/**
+ * @brief Phi instruction
+ *
+ * Used to implement the phi node in the SSA graph.
+ */
+class phi_instruction final : public instruction {
+public:
+    phi_instruction(register_operand dst)
+      : m_dst(operand::new_reg(dst)) {}
+
+    ~phi_instruction() override = default;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Move constructor.
+     */
+    phi_instruction(phi_instruction&&) noexcept = default;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Move constructor.
+     */
+    phi_instruction& operator=(phi_instruction&&) noexcept = default;
+
+    phi_instruction(const phi_instruction&) = delete;
+
+    phi_instruction& operator=(const phi_instruction&) = delete;
+public:
+    /**
+     * @brief Returns this instruction's type.
+     *
+     * @return instruction_t::Phi.
+     */
+    instruction_t type() const override { return instruction_t::Phi; }
+
+    bool has_destination() const override { return true; }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Returns this instruction's destination register.
+     *
+     * @return The register.
+     */
+    operand& destination() override { return m_dst; }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Returns this instruction's destination register.
+     *
+     * @return The register.
+     */
+    const operand& destination() const override { return m_dst; }
+
+    std::vector<const operand*> sources() const override {
+        std::vector<const operand*> srcs;
+        srcs.reserve(m_labels.size());
+        for (const auto& [op, _block] : m_labels)
+            srcs.push_back(&op);
+        return srcs;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Returns this instruction's labels.
+     *
+     * @return The labels.
+     */
+    std::vector<std::pair<operand, block_index>>& labels() { return m_labels; }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Returns this instruction's labels.
+     *
+     * @return The labels.
+     */
+    const std::vector<std::pair<operand, block_index>>& labels() const { return m_labels; }
+private:
+    operand                                      m_dst;
+    std::vector<std::pair<operand, block_index>> m_labels;
+protected:
+    std::ostream& print(std::ostream& os) const override {
+        os << "phi " << m_dst << " =";
+        bool first = true;
+        for (const auto& pair : m_labels) {
+            if (!first) os << ',';
+            first = false;
+            os << ' ' << pair.second << ": " << pair.first;
+        }
+        return os;
+    }
+};
+
 } // namespace ir
 } // namespace furlang
 
-#endif // FURLANG_IR_INSTRUCTION_HPP
+#endif // FURLANG_IR_INSTRUCTION_HPP

furlang/include/furlang/ir/operand.hpp

@@ -19,11 +19,37 @@ enum class operand_t {
     String,   /**< String */
 };
 
+/**
+ * @brief Alias to a register type.
+ */
+using register_t = std::uint32_t;
+
 /**
  * @brief Register operand alias.
  * @see operand_t::Register
  */
-using register_operand = std::uint32_t;
+struct register_operand {
+    register_t    reg = 0;
+    std::uint32_t ver = 0;
+
+    register_operand() = default;
+
+    register_operand(register_t reg)
+      : reg(reg) {}
+
+    register_operand(register_t reg, std::uint32_t ver)
+      : reg(reg), ver(ver) {}
+
+    operator std::uint32_t&() { return reg; }
+    operator const std::uint32_t&() const { return reg; }
+
+    friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const register_operand& op) {
+        return os << op.reg << '_' << op.ver;
+    }
+
+    bool operator==(const register_operand& rhs) const { return reg == rhs.reg && ver == rhs.ver; }
+};
+
 /**
  * @brief Variable operand alias.
  * @see operand_t::Variable
@@ -102,6 +128,19 @@ public:
     operand(const operand&)            = delete;
     operand& operator=(const operand&) = delete;
 public:
+    /**
+     * @brief Construct a new register operand.
+     *
+     * @param value Value of the new register operand.
+     * @return The register operand.
+     */
+    static operand new_reg(register_t value) {
+        operand operand;
+        operand.m_type      = operand_t::Register;
+        operand.m_value.reg = { value, 0 };
+        return operand;
+    }
+
     /**
      * @brief Construct a new register operand.
      *
@@ -163,6 +202,13 @@ public:
      */
     operand_t type() const { return m_type; }
 
+    /**
+     * @brief Returns this operand's register value.
+     *
+     * @return The register value.
+     */
+    register_operand& reg() { return m_value.reg; }
+
     /**
      * @brief Returns this operand's register value.
      *
@@ -228,4 +274,17 @@ private:
 } // namespace ir
 } // namespace furlang
 
-#endif // FURLANG_IR_OPERAND_HPP
+namespace std {
+
+template <>
+struct hash<furlang::ir::register_operand> {
+    std::size_t operator()(const furlang::ir::register_operand& op) const noexcept {
+        std::size_t h1 = std::hash<decltype(op.reg)>{}(op.reg);
+        std::size_t h2 = std::hash<std::uint32_t>{}(op.ver);
+        return h1 ^ (h2 + 0x9e3779b9 + (h1 << 6) + (h1 >> 2));
+    }
+};
+
+} // namespace std
+
+#endif // FURLANG_IR_OPERAND_HPP

furvm/include/furvm/executor.hpp

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 #include "furvm/fwd.hpp"
 
 #include <stack>
-#include <vector>
 
 namespace furvm {
 
@@ -45,8 +44,6 @@ public:
         mod_p       mod;       /**< Shared pointer to a module with the bytecode. */
         std::size_t position;  /**< Cursor to a current instruction in the bytecode. */
         std::size_t stackBase; /**< Snapshot of the stack size before this frame. */
-
-        std::vector<thing_p> variables; /**< Frame variables. */
     };
 public:
     /**
@@ -142,30 +139,6 @@ public:
      * @return The thing.
      */
     thing_p thing() const;
-public:
-    /**
-     * @brief Stores a thing in a variable.
-     *
-     * @param variable Variable to store the thing in.
-     * @param thing Thing to store.
-     */
-    void store_thing(variable_t variable, const thing_p& thing);
-
-    /**
-     * @brief Stores a thing in a variable.
-     *
-     * @param variable Variable to store the thing in.
-     * @param thing Thing to store.
-     */
-    void store_thing(variable_t variable, thing_p&& thing);
-
-    /**
-     * @brief Returns a thing stored in a variable.
-     *
-     * @param variable Variable where the thing is stored.
-     * @return The thing stored in the variable.
-     */
-    thing_p load_thing(variable_t variable) const;
 public:
     /**
      * @brief Executes next instruction.
@@ -182,4 +155,4 @@ private:
 
 } // namespace furvm
 
-#endif // FURVM_EXECUTOR_HPP
+#endif // FURVM_EXECUTOR_HPP

furvm/include/furvm/fwd.hpp

@@ -132,11 +132,6 @@ using thing_handle = std::uint32_t;
 
 // executor.hpp
 
-/**
- * @brief A variable index type.
- */
-using variable_t = std::uint16_t;
-
 /**
  * @enum executor_flags
  * @brief Flags of an executor.
@@ -186,4 +181,4 @@ class stack_underflow;
 
 } // namespace furvm
 
-#endif // FURVM_FWD_HPP
+#endif // FURVM_FWD_HPP

furvm/include/furvm/instruction.hpp

@@ -65,20 +65,6 @@ enum class instruction_t : byte {
      */
     Mod,
 
-    /**
-     * @brief Pushes a variable onto the stack.
-     *
-     * Fetches a variable denoted by next two bytes in little-endian and pushes it onto the stack.
-     */
-    Load,
-
-    /**
-     * @brief Stores an element from the stack in a variable.
-     *
-     * Pops a thing from the stack and stores it in a variable denoted by next two bytes in little-endian.
-     */
-    Store,
-
     /**
      * @brief Calls a function.
      *
@@ -110,4 +96,4 @@ struct instruction {
 
 } // namespace furvm
 
-#endif // FURVM_INSTRUCTION_HPP
+#endif // FURVM_INSTRUCTION_HPP

furvm/include/furvm/module.hpp

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ namespace furvm {
 
 class mod {
     friend class function;
-    friend class serializer;
 public:
     using bytecode_t = std::vector<byte>; /**< An alias to a vector of bytes. */
 public:
@@ -68,4 +67,4 @@ private:
 
 } // namespace furvm
 
-#endif // FURVM_MODULE_HPP
+#endif // FURVM_MODULE_HPP

furvm/include/furvm/serializer.hpp

@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef FURVM_SERIALIZER_HPP
-#define FURVM_SERIALIZER_HPP
-
-#include "furvm/fwd.hpp"
-
-#include <ostream>
-
-namespace furvm {
-
-class serializer {
-public:
-    static constexpr byte          MODULE_MAGIC[4] = { 'F', 'u', 'r', 'M' };
-    static constexpr std::uint32_t VERSION         = 0;
-public:
-    static bool serialize_module(std::ostream& os, const mod_p& mod);
-};
-
-} // namespace furvm
-
-#endif // FURVM_SERIALIZER_HPP

furvm/src/executor.cpp

@@ -3,11 +3,9 @@
 #include "furvm/context.hpp" // IWYU pragma: keep
 #include "furvm/exceptions.hpp"
 #include "furvm/function.hpp" // IWYU pragma: keep
-#include "furvm/fwd.hpp"
 #include "furvm/instruction.hpp"
 #include "furvm/thing.hpp"
 
-#include <cstdint>
 #include <stdexcept>
 
 namespace furvm {
@@ -64,31 +62,6 @@ thing_p executor::thing() const {
     return m_stack.top();
 }
 
-void executor::store_thing(variable_t variable, const thing_p& thing) {
-    auto& frame = m_frames.top();
-    frame.variables.resize(variable + 1);
-    if (frame.variables[variable] != nullptr) {
-        frame.variables[variable]->remove_reference();
-    }
-    frame.variables[variable] = thing;
-    thing->add_reference();
-}
-
-void executor::store_thing(variable_t variable, thing_p&& thing) {
-    auto& frame = m_frames.top();
-    frame.variables.resize(variable + 1);
-    if (frame.variables[variable] != nullptr) {
-        frame.variables[variable]->remove_reference();
-    }
-    thing->add_reference();
-    frame.variables[variable] = std::move(thing);
-}
-
-thing_p executor::load_thing(variable_t variable) const {
-    const auto& frame = m_frames.top();
-    return frame.variables[variable];
-}
-
 void executor::step() {
     if ((m_flags & executor_flags::Suspended) == executor_flags::Suspended) return;
 
@@ -136,16 +109,6 @@ void executor::step() {
         auto lhs = pop_thing();
         push_thing(lhs % rhs);
     } break;
-    case instruction_t::Load: {
-        variable_t variable = static_cast<std::uint16_t>(frame.mod->byte(frame.position)) |
-                              (static_cast<std::uint16_t>(frame.mod->byte(frame.position + 1)) << 8);
-        push_thing(load_thing(variable));
-    } break;
-    case instruction_t::Store: {
-        variable_t variable = static_cast<std::uint16_t>(frame.mod->byte(frame.position)) |
-                              (static_cast<std::uint16_t>(frame.mod->byte(frame.position + 1)) << 8);
-        store_thing(variable, std::move(pop_thing()));
-    } break;
     case instruction_t::Call: {
         function_handle funcId = static_cast<std::uint16_t>(frame.mod->byte(frame.position)) |
                                  (static_cast<std::uint16_t>(frame.mod->byte(frame.position + 1)) << 8);

furvm/src/main.cpp

@@ -4,12 +4,10 @@
 #include "furvm/executor.hpp"
 #include "furvm/function.hpp"
 #include "furvm/instruction.hpp"
-#include "furvm/serializer.hpp"
 #include "furvm/thing.hpp"
 
 #include <array>
 #include <cstddef>
-#include <fstream>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <memory>
 
@@ -18,9 +16,16 @@ static constexpr std::array<furvm::byte, 8> s_bytecode = {
     67,
     furvm::byte(furvm::instruction_t::Clone),
     furvm::byte(furvm::instruction_t::Add),
+    furvm::byte(furvm::instruction_t::Call),
+    1,
+    0,
     furvm::byte(furvm::instruction_t::Return),
 };
 
+void print(furvm::executor& exec) {
+    std::cout << exec.pop_thing()->int32() << '\n';
+}
+
 int main(void) {
     auto context = std::make_shared<furvm::context>();
 
@@ -28,8 +33,7 @@ int main(void) {
 
     auto mainFunction = furvm::function::create(mainModule, 0);
 
-    std::ofstream file("./test.furm", std::ios::binary);
-    furvm::serializer::serialize_module(file, mainModule);
+    auto printFunction = furvm::function::create(mainModule, print);
 
     auto executor = furvm::executor::create(context);
     executor->push_frame(mainFunction);

furvm/src/serializer.cpp

@@ -1,101 +0,0 @@
-#include "furvm/serializer.hpp"
-
-#include "furvm/function.hpp" // IWYU pragma: keep
-
-#include <array>
-#include <cstring>
-#include <istream>
-#include <optional>
-#include <ostream>
-#include <stdexcept>
-
-namespace furvm {
-
-template <typename T>
-static inline void write_raw(std::ostream& os, const T& value) {
-    os.write(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(&value), sizeof(T));
-}
-
-template <typename T>
-static inline void read_raw(std::istream& is, T& value) {
-    is.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&value), sizeof(T));
-}
-
-static inline void write_u64(std::ostream& os, std::uint64_t value) {
-    os.put(static_cast<char>((value >> 0ULL) & 0xFF));
-    os.put(static_cast<char>((value >> 8ULL) & 0xFF));
-    os.put(static_cast<char>((value >> 16ULL) & 0xFF));
-    os.put(static_cast<char>((value >> 24ULL) & 0xFF));
-    os.put(static_cast<char>((value >> 32ULL) & 0xFF));
-    os.put(static_cast<char>((value >> 40ULL) & 0xFF));
-    os.put(static_cast<char>((value >> 48ULL) & 0xFF));
-    os.put(static_cast<char>((value >> 56ULL) & 0xFF));
-}
-
-static inline void read_u64(std::istream& is, std::uint64_t& value) {
-    value = (static_cast<std::uint64_t>(is.get()) << 0) | (static_cast<std::uint64_t>(is.get()) << 8) |
-            (static_cast<std::uint64_t>(is.get()) << 16) | (static_cast<std::uint64_t>(is.get()) << 24) |
-            (static_cast<std::uint64_t>(is.get()) << 32) | (static_cast<std::uint64_t>(is.get()) << 40) |
-            (static_cast<std::uint64_t>(is.get()) << 48) | (static_cast<std::uint64_t>(is.get()) << 56);
-}
-
-static inline void write_u32(std::ostream& os, std::uint32_t value) {
-    os.put(static_cast<char>((value >> 0ULL) & 0xFF));
-    os.put(static_cast<char>((value >> 8ULL) & 0xFF));
-    os.put(static_cast<char>((value >> 16ULL) & 0xFF));
-    os.put(static_cast<char>((value >> 24ULL) & 0xFF));
-}
-
-static inline void read_u32(std::istream& is, std::uint32_t& value) {
-    value = static_cast<std::uint32_t>(is.get() << 0) | static_cast<std::uint32_t>(is.get() << 8) |
-            static_cast<std::uint32_t>(is.get() << 16) | static_cast<std::uint32_t>(is.get() << 24);
-}
-
-static inline void write_u16(std::ostream& os, std::uint16_t value) {
-    os.put(static_cast<char>((value >> 0ULL) & 0xFF));
-    os.put(static_cast<char>((value >> 8ULL) & 0xFF));
-}
-
-static inline void read_u16(std::istream& is, std::uint16_t& value) {
-    value = static_cast<std::uint16_t>(is.get() << 0) | static_cast<std::uint16_t>(is.get() << 8);
-}
-
-static inline void write_u8(std::ostream& os, std::uint8_t value) {
-    os.put(static_cast<char>((value >> 0ULL) & 0xFF));
-}
-
-static inline void read_u8(std::istream& is, std::uint8_t& value) {
-    value = static_cast<std::uint8_t>(is.get() << 0);
-}
-
-bool serializer::serialize_module(std::ostream& os, const mod_p& mod) {
-    os.write(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(MODULE_MAGIC), sizeof(MODULE_MAGIC));
-    write_u32(os, VERSION);
-
-    write_u32(os, mod->m_functions.size());
-    for (const auto& func : mod->m_functions) {
-        write_u16(os, func->id());
-        write_u8(os, static_cast<std::uint8_t>(func->type()));
-        switch (func->type()) {
-        case function_t::Normal: {
-            write_u64(os, func->position());
-        } break;
-        case function_t::Native: {
-            // TODO: Replace with a reference to the function's name from constant pool
-            throw std::runtime_error("cannot serialize native functions yet");
-        } break;
-        case function_t::Import: {
-            // TODO: Replace with a reference to the module's and function's name from constant pool
-            throw std::runtime_error("cannot serialize import functions yet");
-        } break;
-        }
-    }
-
-    write_u64(os, mod->m_bytecode.size());
-    os.write(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(mod->m_bytecode.data()),
-        static_cast<std::streamsize>(mod->m_bytecode.size()));
-
-    return false;
-}
-
-} // namespace furvm